So methane which has an sp 3 carbon is tetrahedral which is indeed what is observed in nature and ethene ch 2 ch 2 and acetylene c 2 h 2 with sp 2 and sp carbons respectively are planar. Organic chemistry is mainly the chemistry of carbon, which is just one. Not only that, each carbon hydrogen bond length is precisely the same. Not only is carbon the fourth most abundant element in. The property of element due to which it forms covalent bonds with other atoms of same element to form chain of atoms is called catenation. Download revision notes for carbon and its compounds class 10 notes and score high in exams. The compounds which contain one or more closed chains or rings of carbon atoms in their molecules. Carbon compounds are of a second type which can be prepared from minerals such as oxygen, halogens and metals. The compounds which contain either the straight or branched open chains of carbon atoms in their molecules. The carbon atom exhibits tetravalency in this compound. For example, carbon atoms can combine to each other to form long chains, branched chains and closed rings. Carbon compounds ch 2 northern highlands regional hs.
Organic chemistry is mainly the chemistry of carbon, which is just one element out of the overhundred elements in the periodic. There are millions of known carbon compounds, and carbon is the only element that can form so many different compounds. Property of catenation or forming long chains with itself. It is capable of bonding with four other atoms of carbon or some other heteroatoms with single covalent bond as well as double or triple bond. A line between atoms does not represent a pair of electrons as it does in lewis diagrams. The characteristic of a carbon atom by virtue of which it forms four covalent bonds is referred to as tetravalency of carbon. Carbon is a common constituent of all organic compounds. The concept of valence was developed in the second half of the 19th century and helped successfully explain the molecular structure of inorganic and organic compounds. This is the main reason of existence of such large number of compounds. Since hydrogen is such a common component of organic compounds, its amount and locations can be assumed from the tetravalency of carbon, and need not be specified in most cases. Important question for class 10 science carbon and its compounds.
Let us see how the tetravalent nature of carbon affects carbon compounds. Free pdf download of important questions with solutions for cbse class 10 science chapter 4 carbon and its compounds prepared by expert science teachers from latest edition of cbsencert books. Valency of carbon tetravalency hybridization, catenation. Chapter 4 carbon and its compounds of cbse class 10 science syllabus is an important chapter not only for your board exams but for building the foundation of organic chemistry as well. Much of the diversity and complexity of organic forms is due to the capacity of carbon atoms for bonding with one another in various chain and ring structures and threedimensional conformations as well as for linking with other atoms. More than one million carbon compounds have been described in chemical literature, and chemists synthesize many new ones each year. Consider one of the simplest possible compounds of carbon as an example. Students require ncert solutions for class 10 science chapter 4 carbon and its compounds for better cbse board preparation.
Although there is no specific definition, the compounds in solid, liquid or gaseous state which contain covalently bonded carbon atoms in their molecules are known as organic compounds. These are the carbon and its compounds class 10 notes prepared by team of expert teachers. A homologous series is a series of carbon compounds in which the consecutive compounds differ by a formula of. Compounds of carbon and hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons. The sp2 hybridization of the carbonyl compound means that attack of the nucleophile on the carbonyl carbon may occur from either face. Cbse class 10 science notes chapter 4 carbon and its compounds pdf free download is part of class 10 science notes for quick revision.
Tetra valency catenation formation of multiple bonds tetravalency. Here at vedantu, you can easily download revision notes of class 10 chapter 4 carbon and its compounds full chapter for your better understanding of the concepts and lastminute revision before the exams. Samacheer kalvi 10th science solutions chapter 11 carbon. A carbon atom completes its octet only by sharing its valence electrons with other atoms. These are inorganic and result in compounds like carbon dioxide, sodium chloride, copper sulphate, potassium nitrate, sodium carbonate etc. Four properties of carbon that attributes to its large family of carbon compounds are. Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry which mainly deals with the study of the structure, properties, reactions, composition, and preparation of carbon and carboncontaining compounds. Due to the specific properties of the element, carbon has established its importance among the other elements. In these compounds, carbon atoms may form single, double or triple covalent bonds. Cbse class 10 science chapter 4 carbon and its compounds. There are two half filled orbitals, so it is expected that carbon would form two covalent bond, i. So, notes are well explained, easy to absorb, covers all important points of the chapter in a concise form so that you can through them again and again in a short period of time before the examination. Tetravalency in carbon carbon and its compounds cbse grade.
With the advantage of tetravalency and catenation, carbon forms large number of compounds such that, the number of compounds formed by carbon alone. Valency of carbon tetravalency hybridization, catenation with. Introduction to carbon compounds catenation, nature. Catenation the self linking property of carbon is known as catenation. Apr 22, 2019 b tetravalency and small size carbon being tetravalent, is capable of bonding with four other c atoms or some other monovalent atoms. Ncert cbse solutions for class 10 science chapter 4. Hence, it can form bonds with four other atoms of carbon or atoms of other monovalent elements. Tetravalency of carbon compounds 8755472 carbon has four valence electrons, so it can achieve a full outer energy level by forming four covalent bonds. However in the process of bond formation, overlapping of orbitals occur only with identical orbitals. The tetravalency of carbon gives a possibility of large number of compounds.
Aug 23, 2017 may 08, 2020 versatile nature of carbon catenation and tetravalency class 10 video edurev is made by best teachers of class 10. May 28, 2018 ittv spm form 5 chemistry chapter 2 carbon compounds introduction tuitionlessonexamtips duration. Much of the diversity and complexity of organic forms is due to the capacity of carbon atoms for bonding with one another in various chain and ring structures and threedimensional conformations as well as for linking with other. So with 4 valence shell electrons it is expected to form 4 bonds. Since carbon exhibits properties like tetravalency and catenation, it forms numerous compounds are created with carbon. Mar 02, 2018 a carbon forms large number of compounds since carbon is small in size and can form stable covalent bonds catenation and it shows tetravalency. Due to tetravalency of carbon it has a tetrahedron shape. Name any one molecule and one compound which has a triple bond. In chemistry, catenation is the bonding of atoms of the same element into a series, called a chain.
A chain or a ring shape may be open if its ends are not bonded to each other an openchain compound, or closed if they are bonded in a ring a cyclic compound catenation occurs most readily with carbon, which forms covalent bonds with other carbon atoms to form longer chains and structures. The ground state electronic configuration of carbon is 1s 2, 2s 2, 2p 2. Here we have given ncert class 10 science notes chapter 4 carbon and its compounds. As a result, a carbon atom forms four covalent bonds by sharing valence electrons with other atoms. A line between atoms does not represent a pair of electrons as it does in lewis diagrams modern definitions. The following is a deeper understanding of how these unique properties of tetravalency and catenation result in a highly versatile nature of carbon. August 9, 2016 general chemistry, organic chemistry bonding, carbon, carbon valency, hybridisation, orbitals, tetravalency kc the electronic configuration of carbon atom is. This is the main reason of existence of such large number of compounds classification of organic compounds organic compounds.
Class x chapter 4 carbon and its compounds science page 10 of 11 website. Carbon and its compounds notes for cbse class 10 chemistry. Carbon has the unique ability to form bonds with other atoms of carbon, forming large molecules. Carbon compounds are chemical substances that contain carbon atoms bonded to any other element.
Ncert solutions for class 11 chemistry chapter 12 free pdfs. Nov 24, 2015 a carbon atom completes its octet only by sharing its valence electrons with other atoms. Ncert solutions for class 10 science chapter 4 vidyakul. What is tetravalency science carbon and its compounds. A carbon atom has four electrons in its outermost valence shell. According to the data, it is the seventeenth most abundant element found on earth. To form four covalnet bond, carbon most have four half filled orbitals and to make so, in bond forming condition, one elctron from 2s orbitals is promoted to empty pz orbital. Not only that, each carbonhydrogen bond length is precisely the same. This is the reason for the presence of the vast number of organic compounds in nature. In example 1 the longest chain consists of six carbons, so the root name of this compound will be hexene. Each straight line segment represents a bond, the ends and intersections of the lines are carbon atoms, and the correct number of hydrogens is calculated from the tetravalency of carbon. But as we can see the bonds formed by the s orbitals will not be the same as those formed by the p orbitals for the simple reason that their shapes are so different. Methane ch 4, ethane c 2 h 6, ethene c 2 h 4, ethyne. The valency of carbon is 4 and it is, therefore, said to be tetravalent.
Class 11 chemistry chapter 12 ncert solutions ncert solutions class 11 chemistry chapter 12 pdf. Tetravalency is the state of an atom in which there are four electrons available with the atom for covalent chemical bonding. The building block of structural organic chemistry is the tetravalent carbon atom. In this chapter, you will learn carbon is a versatile element that forms the basis for all living organisms and many of the things we use. According to new cbse exam pattern, mcq questions for class 10 science pdf carries 20 marks. Earlier it was thought carbon compounds can be extracted from organisms only. The compounds of a particular group have the same functional group which leads to identical chemical properties. Catenation occurs most readily with carbon, which forms covalent bonds with other carbon atoms to form longer chains and structures. Important questions for cbse class 10 science chapter 4. Valence chemistry in chemistry, the valence or valency of an element is a measure of its combining power with other atoms when it forms chemical compounds or molecules. Ncert solutions for class 10 science chapter 4 carbon and its compounds intext questions and exercises answers in pdf for session 20202021. Carbon has the atomic number of 6, meaning each carbon atom has a total of six electrons. Carbon has 4 valence electrons makes it very versatile will easily bond with h, o, n, p, sall important for living things. Register online for science tuition on to score more marks in cbse board examination.
These reactions are exothermic, with the evolution of a large amount of heat. Name the functional group present in each of the following organic compounds. With the valency of four, carbon is capable of bonding with four other atoms. For the love of physics walter lewin may 16, 2011 duration.
Carbon compounds show isomerism and possess the characteristic property catenation. Organic chemistry some basic principles and techniques notes. Its amount in the earths crust and in the atmosphere is quite meagre. Chemistry carbon and its compounds 9 nomenclature of functional groups chemical properties of carbon compounds combustion the process of burning a carbon compound in air to give carbon dioxide, water, heat and light is known as combustion. It is because of these properties that the element has the capacity to form a large number of compounds. Versatile nature of carbon but what makes carbon such an interesting element can be directly attributed to its two unique properties, i. Catenation 26 the unique ability of carbon to form bonds with other atoms of carbon, giving rise to large molecules is called catenation. Hence, carbon compounds are also called organic compounds. Carbon and its compounds carbon, a nonmetal with atomic number 6 and mass number 12, occurs in free as well as in combinedform. Carbon and its compounds class 10 notes science chapter 4.
Jul 30, 2018 carbon compounds are chemical substances that contain carbon atoms bonded to any other element. The atomic number of carbon is 6 and the atomic mass is 12. Ability to form chains with other atoms of carbon by covalent bonding. The majority of these molecules are organic carbon compounds e. It is the ability to form bonds with other atoms of carbon. Ncert solutions for class 10 science chapter 4 carbon and its compounds pdf download. Both these compounds have double bonds, making them alkenes. Carbon and its compoundsncert solutions careerlauncher. Saturated hydrocarbons burn with a clean flame and no smoke is produced.
The iupac nomenclature system is a set of logical rules devised and used by organic chemists to circumvent problems caused by arbitrary nomenclature. Compounds of carbon final green valley educational institute. Covalent bonds are created by the sharing of electrons between two atoms so that both can achieve a completely filled outermost shell. This video is highly rated by class 10 students and has been viewed 1928 times. Ncert solutions for class 10 science chapter 4 carbon and its compounds page 61 or page 68 or page 71 or page 74 or page 76 or exercises in english or 68 or 76 or 79 or 83 or 85 or in to view online or download in pdf. Since sp 2 and sp cs have unhybridized p orbitals with an electron in each and the p orbitals are perpendicular. There are more carbon compounds than for any other element except hydrogen. Carbon compounds have high melting and boiling points because of their. Knowing these rules and given a structural formula, one should be. Ncert solutions for class 10 science chapter 4 in pdf for. Versatile nature of carbon catenation and tetravalency. Worksheet carbon does not form c4 iongive reason in support of the statement. Valence is defined by the iupac as the maximum number of univalent atoms originally hydrogen or chlorine atoms.
May 08, 2020 versatile nature of carbon catenation and tetravalency class 10 video edurev is made by best teachers of class 10. Their chemistry is referred to as inorganic chemistry. Carbon and its compounds class 10 notes pdf have been prepared by our subject matter experts and master teachers of science subject. For example, in methane ch 4, the tetravalent carbon atom forms a covalent bond with four hydrogen atoms. Carbon has a valency of 4 and is just one element in the list of over a hundred elements in the periodic table. These compounds have specific properties depending upon the nature of the element or group attached with the carbon. Now a quick look into the nature of bonding in these molecules before the topic is closed. Tetravalency in carbon carbon and its compounds cbse.
The following video gives details about the various hybridisations found in carbon compounds. We used the example of hydration formation of gemdiols to illustrate nucleophilic addition to carbonyl compounds. Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry which mainly deals with the study of the structure, properties, reactions, composition, and preparation of. Aug 09, 2016 august 9, 2016 general chemistry, organic chemistry bonding, carbon, carbon valency, hybridisation, orbitals, tetravalency kc the electronic configuration of carbon atom is. Class x chapter 4 carbon and its compounds science page 10 of 11 most of the carbon compounds give a lot of heat and light when burnt in air. Carbon shares its four valence electrons with other atoms and forms four single covalent bonds to get. Shorthand line formulas omit the symbols for carbon and hydrogen entirely unless the hydrogen is bonded to an atom other than carbon. The branch of organic chemistry deals with the compounds of carbon. Two are in the completed inner orbit, while four electrons are found in the atoms. Download cbse class 10th revision notes for chapter 4 carbon and its compounds in pdf format for free.